Axion-photon coupling

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Basic plot

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Basic plot with projections

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Helioscope closeup

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High energy astrophysics limits closeup

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Haloscopes closeup

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Ultralight axions

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Heavy axions

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Heavy axions closeup

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Axion decay bounds closeup

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Simplified plot

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Haloscope closeup

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Full panorama

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Ultra-simplified panorama

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Data files and references

Bounds combined into one .txt file:

• Laboratory only limits combined (LSW + Collider)
• Astrophysical (non-DM) limits combined (including helioscopes, stellar bounds, axion-photon oscillation bounds, supernova bounds)
• Astrophysical DM limits combined (indirect detection, birefringence etc.)
• Haloscopes combined (only micro-eV to meV haloscopes)
• Haloscope projections combined

Haloscopes/direct detection:

• ABRACADABRA (Run 1): limit, reference
• ABRACADABRA (Run 2): limit, reference
• ABRACADABRA (Projection) projection, reference
• ADBC: projection, reference
• ADBC (First results): limit, reference
• ADMX (2010): limit, reference
• ADMX (2018): limit, reference
• ADMX (2019): limit1, limit2, reference
• ADMX (2021): limit, reference
• ADMX (2024): limit, reference
• ADMX (2025): limit, reference
• ADMX Sidecar: limit, reference
• ADMX Sidecar (JTWPA): limit, reference
• ADMX SLIC: limit, reference
• ADMX Projection: projection, reference
• aLIGO: projection, reference
• ALPHA: projection, reference (note: what is shown is an unpublished projection from the collaboration)
• BabyIAXO-RADES: projection, reference
• BASE: limit, reference
• BRASS: projection, reference
• BREAD: projection, reference
• CADEx: projection, reference
• CAPP-1: limit, reference
• CAPP-2: limit, reference
• CAPP-3: limit, reference
• CAPP-4: limit, reference1, reference2
• CAPP-5: limit, reference
• CAPP-6 (DFSZ): limit, reference
• CAPP-7: limit, reference
• CAPP-8 (KSVZ): limit, reference
• CAPP-MAX (DFSZ): limit, reference
• CAPP-9: limit, reference
• CAST-CAPP: limit, reference
• DALI: projection, reference
• DANCE concept: projection, reference
• DANCE (2023): limit, reference
• DarkGEO: projection, reference
• DM-Radio: projection, reference
• Eskdalemuir: limit, reference
• EQC: projection, reference
• FLASH: projection, reference
• GigaBREAD: limit, reference
• GrAHal: limit, reference
• HAYSTAC Phase I: limit, reference1, reference2
• HAYSTAC Phase II-a/b: limit, reference1, reference2
• HAYSTAC Phase II-c/d: limit, reference1
• LAMPOST: projection, reference
• LIDA: limit, reference
• MADMAX (2024): limit, reference
• MADMAX (projection): projection, reference
• ORGAN (2017): limit, projection, reference
• ORGAN-1a (2022): limit,reference
• ORGAN-1b (2023): limit,reference
• ORGAN-Q (2024): limit,reference
• PXS (2019): projection, reference
• QUAX (2019): limit, reference
• QUAX (2020): limit, reference
• QUAX (2022): limit, reference
• QUAX (2023): limit, reference
• QUAX (2024): limit, reference
• QUAX Projection: projection, reference
• RADES (2021): limit, reference
• RADES (2024): limit, reference
• RBF: limit, reference1 reference2
• SHAFT: limit, reference
• SNIPE Hunt: limit, reference
• SRF: projection, reference
• SUPAX: projection, unpublished
• SuperMAG (1 min): limit, reference
• SuperMAG (1 sec): limit, reference
• TASEH: limit, reference
• TOORAD: projection1, projection2, reference
• Twisted Anyon Cavity: projection, reference
• UF: limit, reference, reference2
• UPLOAD (2019): limit, reference
• UPLOAD (2023): limit, reference
• WISPLC: projection, reference

Helioscopes/LSW

• ALPS: limit, reference
• ALPS-II: projection, reference
• CAST (2007): limit, reference
• CAST (2017): limit, reference
• CAST (2024): limit, reference
• CROWS: limit, reference
• babyIAXO: projection, reference
• EuXFL: limit, reference
• IAXO: projection, reference
• IAXO+: projection, reference
• IAXO (Galactic SN): projection, reference
• OSQAR: limit, reference
• PVLAS: limit, reference
• SAPPHIRES: limit, reference
• WISPFI: projection, reference

Astrophysical searches for axions NOT as dark matter (green)

• ATHENA: projection, reference
• Betelgeuse (NuStar X-ray obs.): limit, reference
• Bullet Cluster (Radio): limit, reference
• Cosmic IR background (axion hint): limit, reference
• Chandra (Hydra-A): limit, reference
• Chandra (M87): limit, reference
• Chandra (NGC 1275): limit, reference
• Chandra (H1821+643): limit, reference
• CMB Patchy screening (Planck + unWISE): limit, reference
• CMB Patchy screening (FIRAS): limit, reference
• Diffuse SN ALP background: limit, reference
• Diffuse gamma-rays: limit, reference
• Distance ladder: limit, reference
• Fermi-LAT (NGC 1275): limit, hole, reference
• Fermi-LAT (Galactic SN): projection, reference
• Fermi-LAT (Extragalactic SNe): limit, reference
• Fermi-LAT (Quasars): limit, reference
• Freeze-in ALPs (irreducible axions): limit, reference
• Globular cluster R-parameter: limit, reference
• Globular cluster R2-parameter: limit, reference
• GW170817 (Fermi-LAT): limit, reference
• GW170817 (fireball): limit, reference
• HAWC (TeV Blazars): limit, reference
• HESS (PKS 2155-304): limit, reference
• M82 (NuSTAR - Low-mass axion-photon conversion): limit, reference
• M82 (NuSTAR - High-mass axion decay): limit, reference
• MAGIC (Perseus galaxy cluster): limit, reference
• Magnetic white dwarf X-rays: limit1, limit2, reference
• Magnetic white dwarf polarisation: limit, reference
• Magnetic white dwarf polarisation (Keck/Lick observations): limit, reference
• Mrk 421 (ARGO-YBJ+Fermi): limit, reference
• Mrk 421 (MAGIC+Fermi): limit, reference
• Mrk 421 (Fermi+HAWC): limit, reference
• NuSTAR (Sun): limit, reference
• Planck (BBN + N_eff): limit, reference
• Pulsar polar caps: limit, reference
• Solar neutrinos/luminosity: limit, reference
• Solar basin, DeRocco et al. (NuSTAR): limit, reference
• Solar basin, Beaufort et al. (NuSTAR and SPHINX): limit, reference
• StAB (stellar axion background): limit, reference
• SN1987A ALP decay to gammas: limit, reference, see also
• SN1987A low-mass ALPs (old limit): limit, reference
• SN1987A low-mass ALPs (limit including progenitor B-field): limit, reference
• SN1987A neutrinos/cooling bound: limit, reference
• SN1987A X-ray/gamma-ray PVO: limit, reference
• SNe (low-energy) ALP decay: limit, reference
• SNe (low-energy) ALP decay - Fiorillo et al. 2025 update: limit, reference
• Super star clusters (NuSTAR Xray): limit, reference
• White dwarf initial-final mass relation: limit, reference

Astrophysical searches for axions as dark matter (blue)

• 21 cm power spectrum: projection, reference
• Axion star explosions: limit1, limit2, reference
• BICEP/KECK: limit, reference
• Black hole polarimetry projection, reference
• Breakthrough Listen (Doppler): limit, reference
• Cosmic optical, UV, X-ray backgrounds limit, reference
• CMB-S4 (birefringence) projection, reference
• COBE/FIRAS + Planck spectral distortions (axion decay): limit, reference1, reference2
• COBE/FIRAS (axion-photon conversion): limit, reference1
• EPTA: limit, reference
• eROSITA early data release (ALP decay) projection, reference
• eROSITA (ALP decay) projection, reference
• Gamma-ray attenuation: limit, reference
• Gamma-ray decay: limit, reference
• HST Cosmic optical background anisotropies (Nakayama and Yin): limit, reference
• HST Cosmic optical background anisotropies (Carenza et al.): limit, reference
• HST (dwarfs): limit, reference
• INTEGRAL (ALP decay): limit, reference
• JWST Blank sky (ALP decay) - Janish 2023: limit, reference
• JWST Blank sky (ALP decay) - Pinetti 2025: limit, reference
• JWST - Saha 2025: limit, reference
• Leo T gas temperature: limit, reference
• MOJAVE: limit, reference
• Neutron stars (breakthrough listen) limit, reference
• Neutron stars (PSR J2144−3933) limit, reference
• NuSTAR (decaying DM): limit, compiled from ref1, ref2, ref3
• POLARBEAR (CMB): limit, reference
• POLARBEAR (Tau T): limit, reference
• PPTA+QUIJOTE: limit, reference
• Pulsar Polarisation Arrays (PPTA analysis): limit, reference
• Pulsar Polarisation Arrays: projection, reference
• PSR J0437−4715 limit, reference
• Sagittarius Astar limit, reference
• SPT: limit, reference
• Telescopes (DESI): limit, reference
• Telescopes (Haystack): limit, reference
• Telescopes (MUSE Dwarfs): limit, reference
• Telescopes (VIMOS Abell 2667 and 2390): limit, reference
• THESEUS (ALP DM decay to Xrays): projection, reference
• WINERED: limit, reference
• XMM-Newton (decaying DM): limit, reference
• XRISM (decaying DM - Centaurus A): limit, reference
• XRISM (decaying DM): limit, reference
• 2011 Compilation: EBL, X-rays, x_ion, reference

Collider, accelerator and beam dump bounds (purple)

• ATLAS (PbPb): limit, reference
• BaBar: limit, reference
• Beam dump (combined): limit, CHARM, E141, E137, NuCal, NA64
• Belle II: limit, reference
• BESIII: limit, reference, reference2
• CMS (PbPb): limit, reference
• CONUS: projection, reference
• DUNE: projection, reference
• FASER: limit, reference
• FASER (LLP): projection, reference
• GlueX: limit, reference
• LEP: limit, reference
• LHC (pp): limit, reference
• MiniBooNE: limit, reference
• NOMAD: limit, reference
• OPAL: limit, reference
• PrimEx: limit, reference