Mass vs Peccei-Quinn scale
Basic plot
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Plot with projections
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Cosmological ALP scenarios and recasted constraints
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It must be noted that this plot and the 1/fa plot are, at best, challenging to interpret from any theoretical point of view. They should not be taken any more seriously than simply a comparison of experimental/observational sensitivities. The area outside of the QCD line here requires significant (and rarely natural) model-building. In essence one needs a “QCD” axion whose mass is different from than the mass arising just from the anomalous gluon coupling of the axion (which defines 1/f_a). There are very few models that achieve this naturally, such as the Z_N axion model of Hook (https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.10093), developed phenomenologically by Di Luzio et al. (https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.00012.pdf)
Data files and references
Experiments
- Beam EDM: limit, reference
- nEDM: limit, reference
- HfH+: limit, reference
- I2+/Ca: limit, reference
- JEDI: limit, reference
- MICROSCOPE: limit, reference
- ONIX: limit, reference
- Rb/Quartz: limit, reference
- Tritium decay (not shown, below 1e-20 eV in mass): limit, reference
- Potassium-40 decay: limit, reference
- Yb+: limit, reference
- Piezoaxionic effect (Projection) N=1, N=64, reference
- Storage Ring EDM (Projection): limit, reference
- CASPEr-electric (Projection): phase III, reference
- Polarisation haloscope (Projection): projection (scanning), projection (post-discovery), reference
Other bounds
- Axinovae (assumes post-inflationary scenario and axion star formation): limit, reference
- BBN (axion assumed to be dark matter): limit, reference
- Black hole spins (Mehta et al.): limit, reference
- Black hole spins (Baryakhtar et al.) limit, reference
- Black hole spins (Unal et al.) limit, reference
- Black hole spins (Hoof et al.) limit, reference
- Black hole spins (Witte and Mummery) limit, reference
- *Binary pulsars: limit, reference
- GW170817 limit, reference
- *Neutron stars: projection, reference
- Neutron stars (cooling, Gomez-Banon et al.): limit, reference
- Neutron stars (cooling, crust, pulsar glitches, Kumamoto et al.): limit, reference
- NS-NS Inspiral: projection, reference
- NS-BH Inspiral: projection, reference
- Planck+BAO thermal ALP bound (gluon coupling): limit, reference
- *Solar core (neutrino line): limit, reference
- SN1987A: limit, reference, previous bound
- White dwarfs: limit, reference
(*) Using corrected values from here